Examination techniques

Orthopaedic examination of any bone or joint follow the same basic structure:

LOOK - gait (if lower limb), erythema, swelling, scars, deformity, muscle wasting

FEEL - warmth, tenderness, swelling, crepitus

MOVE - range of motion, power

SPECIAL TESTS - joint stability, isolated muscle power, provocative tests

JOINT ABOVE & BELOW - ensure pain not radiating from elsewhere

NEUROVASCULAR - examine neurological and vascular supply to limb

This is followed by INVESTIGATIONS - blood tests, X-rays, further imaging

Each section describes a basic technique to examine the joints regularly seen in the exams and clinics. By following the routine described above, most joints can be examined thoroughly. The text does not provide an exhaustive description of every test available but outlines the commonly used basic examinations.

• Shoulder examination
• Hip examination
• Knee examination
• Foot & ankle examination
• Spine examination