Examination techniques
Orthopaedic examination of any bone or joint follow the same basic structure:
LOOK - gait (if lower limb), erythema, swelling, scars, deformity, muscle wasting FEEL - warmth, tenderness, swelling, crepitus MOVE - range of motion, power SPECIAL TESTS - joint stability, isolated muscle power, provocative tests JOINT ABOVE & BELOW - ensure pain not radiating from elsewhere NEUROVASCULAR - examine neurological and vascular supply to limb This is followed by INVESTIGATIONS - blood tests, X-rays, further imaging Each section describes a basic technique to examine the joints regularly seen in the exams and clinics. By following the routine described above, most joints can be examined thoroughly. The text does not provide an exhaustive description of every test available but outlines the commonly used basic examinations. |